Title   Reynaert Composer   Willem Woestenburg Librettist   Joop C.G. Fransen Genre   Fable opera (three acts). First performance   Theater Marcanti, Amsterdam, 6 October 1989. Time of action   Twelfth century, Flanders. Place of action   Act I a.  King Nobel's court b.  Before Malpertuis, Reynaert's den c.  Carpenter Lamfriet's yard d.  The bank of a river e.  King Nobel's court Act II a.  Before Malpertuis b.  Near the parsonage c.  In Reynaert's den d.  King Nobel's court e.  In Reynaert's den f.   King Nobel's court Act III a.  On the way to the gallows b.  At the gallows c.  Before Malpertuis d.  King Nobel's court   Main parts   King Nobel, the lion bass-baritone     Reynaert, the fox tenor     Hermelijne, the vixen soprano     Tybeert, the cat mezzosoprano     Bruun, the bear `baritone     Grimbeert, the badger tenor     Cantecleer, the rooster comic tenor     Ysengrijn, the wolf bass     Courtoys, a poodle tenor or soprano Prominence of chorus   Large. Orchestra   1 flute, 1 oboe, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 French horns,                2 trumpets, 1 trombone, kettle-drums, percussion, strings. Special demands   On account of the large number of roles, the opera can only be performed by large companies (60 persons at least). Full score and orchestral parts   Available. Level   Not difficult Length   About 2½ hours. Three acts. Music   In one respect, the work is an opera rather than an operetta: it contains hardly any spoken dialogue; what there is of it is mostly accompanied by orchestral music (melodrama). This was done to give the work - in which there are many changes of scene - continuity. The choruses are set for four voices. There are solos, duets, ensembles, but also purely orchestral pieces, e.g. the overture, entr'actes, dances, and illustrative music accompanying stage-business (such as the pieces indicating journeys to and fro, played from beginning to end and vice versa). The music is never atonal, though the composer has employed a variety of styles that ranges from medieval to twentieth-century. Story   The story is based on Van den Vos Reynaerde, a Middle Dutch epic. Reynaert the Fox is three times summoned to court to answer for his misdeeds. The first two envoys (the bear and the cat) return from their mission badly maltreated, but the third (the badger) persuades the defendant to come with him. The fox is condemned to death. However, in his final speech he manages to take advantage of the king's (the lion's) greed and the queen's soft-heartedness. He is pardoned and restored to honour, then takes the opportunity to play tricks on his enemies, the bear, the cat and the wolf. He is sent back to his home accompanied by the hare and the ram. At home he invites the hare to come in, bites off his head and sends the ram back to court with a bag, telling him it contains an important message. When the bag is opened, the message is found to be the murdered hare's head. The impotent court finds no better way to express its rage than by outlawing the ram, bearer of unwelcome news, and his kind for the rest of time. The work ends cheerfully in a glorious quadruple fugue, pronouncing the moral in Latin: Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur, or: The world wants to be fooled, so let's fool it. Costumes   The characters may be dressed as human beings, but certain details, such as manes, a cock's comb, ears, tails etc. should make it clear to the audience what animals they represent.